System, method, and computer program product for accessing multi-sample surfaces

ABSTRACT

A system, method, and computer program product are provided for accessing multi-sample surfaces. A multi-sample store instruction that specifies data for a single sample of a multi-sample pixel and a sample mask is received and the data for the single sample is stored to each sample of the multi-sample pixel that is enabled according to the sample mask. A multi-sample load instruction that specifies a multi-sample pixel is received, and, in response to executing the multi-sample load instruction, data for one sample of the multi-sample pixel is received. A determination is made that the data for the one sample of the multi-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data for at least one additional sample of the multi-sample pixel.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/844,095 (Attorney Docket No. NVIDP837/SC-13-0236-US1), filed Mar. 15,2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to graphics processing, and moreparticularly to multi-sample surfaces.

BACKGROUND

When multi-sampling techniques are used to produce anti-aliased imagesthe amount of processing for each pixel may increase as the number ofsamples per-pixel increases. In addition to increased processing, theamount of bandwidth that is consumed to transfer data between differentprocessing units within a graphics processor also increases. Theincreases in processing demand and increased bandwidth consumption mayresult in decreased graphics processing performance and/or increasedsystem cost.

Thus, there is a need for addressing the issues of increased processingand increased bandwidth consumption and/or other issues associated withthe prior art.

SUMMARY

A system, method, and computer program product are provided foraccessing multi-sample surfaces. A multi-sample store instruction thatspecifies data for a single sample of a multi-sample pixel and a samplemask is received and the data for the single sample is stored to eachsample of the multi-sample pixel that is enabled according to the samplemask. A multi-sample load instruction that specifies a multi-samplepixel is received, and, in response to executing the multi-sample loadinstruction, data for one sample of the multi-sample pixel is received.A determination is made that the data for the one sample of themulti-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data for all samples ofthe multi-sample pixel or at least one additional sample of themulti-sample pixel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a flowchart of a method for processing multi-sampledata, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2A illustrates a conceptual diagram of sample locations withinpixels, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2B illustrates a diagram of the various processing units andinterconnects that are used during the multi-sample processing, inaccordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2C illustrates a diagram of a processing unit shown in FIG. 2B, inaccordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 2D illustrates another diagram of the Load/Store unit shown in FIG.2B, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 3 illustrates another flowchart of a method for processingmulti-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 4A illustrates a flowchart of a method for coalescing processingmulti-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 4B illustrates a flowchart of a method for performing a step of themethod shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 5A illustrates another diagram of a processing unit shown in FIG.2B, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 5B illustrates another diagram of the Load/Store unit shown in FIG.2B, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 5C illustrates another diagram of the various processing units andinterconnects that are used during the multi-sample processing shown inFIG. 2B, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 6A illustrates another flowchart of a method for processingmulti-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 6B illustrates another flowchart of a method for coalescingprocessing multi-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates a parallel processing unit (PPU), according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates the streaming multi-processor of FIG. 5, according toone embodiment; and

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary system in which the various architectureand/or functionality of the various previous embodiments may beimplemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When conventional graphics processors are configured to generatemulti-sample surfaces the amount of memory that is allocated to storethe multi-sample pixel data increases based on the number of samplesthat are included in each pixel. As the number of samples per-pixelincreases, the bandwidth consumed to read, write, and transmit themulti-sample pixel data also increases.

When the data is the same for each sample of a pixel, a single samplemay be stored that represents all of the samples of a multi-sample pixelor all of the samples of a portion of a multi-sample pixel, where theportion includes two or more samples. An encoding state may beassociated with the multi-sample pixel that indicates the single samplerepresents all of the samples, i.e., 1SPP (one sample per-pixelportion). In one embodiment, pixels are grouped into tiles and when allof the multi-sample pixels within the tile may each be represented witha respective single sample, an encoding state of 1SPP may be associatedwith the entire tile. When the encoding state is 1SPP, the memoryfootprint for storing the multi-sample pixel data is reduced and thebandwidth consumed to read, write, and transmit the multi-sample pixeldata is also reduced. Furthermore, in some cases, a processing unit maybe configured to process the single sample to generate processed pixeldata for the single sample that represents processed multi-sample pixeldata for two or more samples, or even all of the samples of a pixel.Thus, when the encoding state is 1SPP, the processing capacity needed toprocess a multi-sample pixel may also be reduced.

FIG. 1 illustrates a flowchart of a method 100 for multi-sampleprocessing, in accordance with one embodiment. At step 105, multi-samplepixel data is received. At step 110, an encoding state associated withthe multi-sample pixel data is determined. In one embodiment, themulti-sample pixel data is analyzed to determine the encoding state. Inanother embodiment, the encoding state is received with the multi-samplepixel data. At step 115, data for one sample of a multi-sample pixel andthe encoding state are provided to a processing unit. At step 120, theone sample of the pixel is processed by the processing unit to generateprocessed data for the one sample. The processed data for the one samplerepresents processed multi-sample pixel data for all samples or at leasta portion of the multi-sample pixel (i.e., all samples of the entiremulti-sample pixel or all samples of a portion of the multi-samplepixel).

More illustrative information will now be set forth regarding variousoptional architectures and features with which the foregoing frameworkmay or may not be implemented, per the desires of the user. It should bestrongly noted that the following information is set forth forillustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting in anymanner. Any of the following features may be optionally incorporatedwith or without the exclusion of other features described.

FIG. 2A illustrates a conceptual diagram 200 of sample locations withinpixels 210, 211, 212, and 213, in accordance with one embodiment. Whendata is read from a multi-sample surface with 4 samples per-pixel havingan encoding state that is not 1SPP, four separate values correspondingto locations A, B, C, and D are stored in the multi-sample surface foreach pixel. The multi-sample surface may be a multi-sample z buffer or amulti-sample color buffer. In contrast, when the encoding state of amulti-sample surface is 1SPP, only one value is stored that representsthe value for all of the samples (e.g., samples A, B, C, and D).

In addition to the pixel level, the 1SPP encoding state may be appliedto tiles of pixels or even an entire surface. A pixel tile may includeone or more pixels that are adjacent in screen space or in memory. Asize of the tile may be specified in storage units e.g., 256 bytes,rather than as a quantity of pixels. Therefore, the number of pixels ina tile may vary based on the multi-sample mode (i.e., more samplesper-pixel results in a smaller tile size). Pixels in the same tile donot necessarily need to be adjacent in screen space. In one embodiment,a pixel tile is sized to correspond to a number of pixels that may beprocessed in parallel within a multi-threaded graphics core.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the sample locations may be jittered (i.e.,distributed) within each pixel to improve the image quality. In oneembodiment, a sample location may be positioned at the center of eachpixel. Other multi-sample pixel modes may include more than 4 samples orless than four samples for each pixel. The multi-sample data for eachsample may include z (depth), color, texture coordinates, or otherattributes associated with graphics primitives.

FIG. 2B illustrates a diagram 220 of the various processing units andinterconnections that are used during the multi-sample processing, inaccordance with one embodiment. An L2 cache 265 is configured to cachedata corresponding to a portion of a multi-sample surface, reading andwriting a frame buffer memory 270 as needed to satisfy load and storerequests that access the multi-sample surface. The L2 cache 265 may bedirectly coupled to the frame buffer memory 270 or the L2 cache 265 maybe indirectly coupled to the frame buffer memory 270 through one or moreintervening units, such as a memory controller (not shown).

In one embodiment, the L2 cache 265 stores, or otherwise obtains, theencoding state associated with the mufti-sample surface. In oneembodiment, the encoding state may be stored within a memory controllerfor each page of memory of the frame buffer memory 270. The L2 cache 265is coupled to a Load/Store unit 290 via a crossbar 260. In oneembodiment, the frame buffer memory 270 interfaces with the L2 cache 265through multiple memory interfaces and the crossbar 260 is configured toroute data between the Load/Store unit 290 and multiple L2 caches 265coupled to different memory interfaces as needed to reach correspondingmemory locations in the frame buffer memory 270. FIG. 5 illustrates moredetails regarding the memory interfaces. Multiple Load/Store units 290may be coupled between the crossbar 260 and multiple processing units250 that are configured to process pixel data.

Rather than being configured to replicate sample data for all of thesamples in a mufti-sample pixel when the encoding state is 1SPP toprovide mufti-sample pixel data to the Load/Store unit 290, the L2 cache265 may be configured to provide the multi-sample pixel data with onlyone sample and the encoding state of 1SPP to the Load/Store unit 290 viathe crossbar 260. Transmitting less data per-pixel over the crossbar 260consumes less bandwidth. Because less data is transferred across thecrossbar 260, less power is also consumed. Therefore, it is desirable totransmit the multi-sample pixel data using the encoding state of 1SPP.In one embodiment, the L2 cache 265 may be configured to transmit themulti-sample pixel data in tile-sized increments (1SPP format or not) tothe Load/Store unit 290 via the crossbar 260. Accordingly, theLoad/Store unit 290 may be configured to store multi-sample pixel datain tile-sized increments. In other embodiments, the L2 cache 265 isconfigured to transmit a subset of the samples for a multi-sample pixelbased on a request received from the Load/Store unit 290.

The Load/Store unit 290 is configured to provide multi-sample pixel datato the processing unit 250 when a load request is received from theprocessing unit 250. The Load/Store unit 290 is also configured toreceive processed multi-sample pixel data from the processing unit 250and store the multi-sample pixel data. The Load/Store unit 290 mayinclude a buffer for storing the processed multi-sample data temporarilybefore outputting the processed multi-sample data to the frame buffermemory 270 via the crossbar 260 and L2 cache 265. In one embodiment, theLoad/Store unit 290 functions, at least in part, as a cache that isconfigured to buffer multi-sample pixel data received from the L2 cache265 and processed multi-sample pixel data received from the processingunit 250 in a single buffer. When an entry is not available in thebuffer to store multi-sample pixel data or processed multi-sample pixeldata, one or more entries are written back to the frame buffer memory270 (i.e., flushed) via the crossbar 260 and the L2 cache 265. When anentry has not been written with processed multi-sample pixel datareceived from the processing unit 250, the entry may be replaced and notflushed to the L2 cache 265. Details of the Load/Store unit 290 aredescribed in conjunction with FIG. 2C.

The Load/Store unit 290 receives the multi-sample pixel data anddetermines the encoding state associated with the multi-sample pixeldata. When the encoding state is 1SPP, data for one sample of amulti-sample pixel and the encoding state are provided to the processingunit 250. When the encoding state is not 1SPP, the Load/Store unit 290may be configured to provide data for all samples or at least a portionof the multi-sample pixel to the processing unit 250 along with theencoding state.

In one embodiment, the processing unit 250 may be configured to load asingle sample of a multi-sample pixel instead of all samples of amulti-sample pixel, and, if the single sample is returned and theencoding state for the single sample is 1SPP, the processing unit 250processes the single sample. If the single sample is returned and theencoding state for the single sample is not 1SPP, the processing unit250 then loads the remaining samples of the multi-sample pixel andprocesses all of the samples of the multi-sample pixel. By deferringloading of the remaining samples, the bandwidth consumed to transfer themulti-sample pixel data is reduced when the encoding state is 1SPP andthe remaining samples are not loaded. In another embodiment, if thesingle sample is returned and the encoding state for the single sampleis not 1SPP, the processing unit 250 issues aloud request for one ormore additional samples.

A multi-sample load instruction that includes a mask corresponding tosamples of the multi-sample pixel may be used to load a single sample ofa multi-sample pixel or to load one or more additional samples of themulti-sample pixel. In one embodiment, the multi-sample load instructionspecifies an index corresponding to a sample to request the sample or asequence of samples. When executed, the multi-sample load instructionmay be configured to return the multi-sample pixel data corresponding tothe sample and a mask indicating other samples in the multi-sample pixelthat have the same multi-sample pixel data and/or the encoding state ofthe multi-sample pixel.

When the encoding state is 1SPP, the one sample of the multi-samplepixel is processed by the processing unit 250 to generate processed datafor the one sample that represents processed multi-sample pixel data forall samples or at least a portion of the multi-sample pixel. When theencoding state is not 1SPP, all of the samples of the multi-sample pixelportion are processed to generate processed data for all of the samples.Therefore, when the number of samples per-pixel is 8, the amount ofprocessing per-pixel is 8× when the encoding state is not 1SPP comparedwith when the encoding state is 1SPP. The processing is proportionallyreduced for other numbers of samples per-pixel when the encoding stateis 1SPP. Reducing the multi-sample pixel processing may improveperformance and may also reduce power consumption. As described inconjunction with FIGS. 5A, 58, 5C, 6A, and 6B, in other embodiments, theprocessing unit 250 may be configured to process a subset of the samplesand the processing unit 250 provides information (e.g., a per-pixelsample mask or per-pixel portion sample mask) indicating which samplesare represented by the processed multi-sample data that is output to theLoad/Store unit 290.

When the processing unit 250 is configured to perform a blendingoperation or a fragment shading operation, the multi-sample pixel isconsidered a destination pixel that is combined with source pixel datato produce the processed data for the multi-sample pixel. It is notunusual for the source pixel data to have the same value for all samplesof a multi-sample pixel, such that the blending or shading operationgenerates processed data for a single sample that represents all samplesof the processed multi-sample pixel. In this case, the processing unit250 provides the processed data for the single sample in a store requestto the Load/Store Unit 290 along with the encoding state of 1SPP.Otherwise, when processed data is generated for all of the samples, theprocessing unit 250 provides the processed data for all of the samplesin a store request to the Load/Store Unit 290 along with the encodingstate of not 1SPP. A multi-sample store instruction that includes a maskcorresponding to samples of the multi-sample pixel may be used to storea value to one or more samples of a multi-sample pixel.

Efficiencies can be realized in transmitting less data for eachmulti-sample pixel and in processing of the data by providing theencoding state with the data for the multi-sample pixels. The amount ofbandwidth that is consumed transmitting the data across the crossbar 260may be reduced for load operations and/or store operations. A singleprocessing thread may be allocated by the processing unit 250 togenerate the data for a multi-sample pixel having the encoding state of1SPP compared with allocating multiple threads to generate the data fora multi-sample pixel having the encoding state that is not 1SPP. In oneembodiment, the Load/Store unit 290 may be configured to coalesce thedata for the multi-sample pixels received from the processing unit 250into a tile before transmitting the data over the crossbar 260 to the L2cache 265. When an entire tile of data is transmitted to the L2 cache265, the Load/Store unit 290 may provide the encoding state for theentire tile rather than for individual multi-sample pixels.

FIG. 2C illustrates a diagram of the Load/Store unit 290 shown in FIG.2B, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2C, in oneembodiment the Load/Store unit 290 comprises a cache 280, a load requestunit 285, a coalesce unit 255, and a coverage tracking unit 275. Thecache 280 receives data for one or more multi-sample pixels and storesthe data in cache entries. The data may correspond to a tile includingtwo or more multi-sample pixels. The cache 280 may also store theencoding state associated with the data (for each tile or eachmulti-sample pixel). In one embodiment, the cache 280 may also storeother information associated with the data, such as the number ofsamples per-pixel (multi-sample mode) and/or per-pixel sample masks. Theload request unit 285 is configured to determine the encoding state forthe data that is returned to the processing unit 250 in response to aload request.

In one embodiment, the encoding state is received with the data from theL2 cache 265 and the load request unit 285 provides the encoding stateto the processing unit 250 along with the data. In another embodiment,the load request unit 285 does not receive encoding state from the L2cache 265 and the load request unit 285 is configured to compare thevalues of data for different samples of a multi-sample pixel or aportion of the multi-sample pixel and determine the encoding state to be1SPP when all of the samples of a multi-sample pixel have the samevalue. Otherwise the load request unit 285 determines that the encodingstate is not 1SPP. In one embodiment, the L2 cache 265 is configured tocompare the values of data for different samples of a multi-sample pixelor a portion of the multi-sample pixel and determine the encoding statefor each pixel or for a tile of pixels in order to provide the encodingstate to the Load/Store unit 290. As described in conjunction with FIGS.5A, 5B, 5C, 6A, and 6B, in other embodiments, the L2 cache 265 and/orthe Load/Store unit 290 may be configured to compare the values of datafor different samples of a multi-sample pixel or portion of amulti-sample pixel and provide information (e.g., a per-pixel samplemask or per-pixel portion sample mask) indicating which samples arerepresented by the processed multi-sample data that is output to theLoad/Store unit 290 or the processing unit 250, respectively.

Depending on the multi-sample mode (i.e., the number of samples used fora multi-sample pixel), the load request unit 285 may be configured togenerate the encoding state for a partial multi-sample pixel (i.e.,portion of a multi-sample pixel). For example, when a cache line of thecache 280 is 32 bytes and a multi-sample surface stores 16 samples of 4bytes each for each multi-sample pixel, the load request unit 285 may beconfigured to compare 8 different samples of the multi-sample pixel anddetermine an encoding state for the 8 samples. Thus, each 16 samplemulti-sample pixel may have two encoding states, one encoding state foreach portion of samples. On the other hand, when a multi-sample surfacestores 4 samples of 4 bytes each for each multi-sample pixel, the loadrequest unit 285 may be configured to compare 4 different samples for 2different multi-sample pixels and determine one encoding state for thetwo different multi-sample pixels. Thus, the granularity of the encodingstate may vary according to the number of comparisons made by the loadrequest unit 285 and/or the size of a cache line.

The coalesce unit 255 receives processed data for multi-sample pixelsand encoding state corresponding to the multi-sample pixels from theprocessing unit 250. The coalesce unit 255 may include a coalesce buffer258 into which the processed data is stored. The coalesce buffer 258 maybe configured to store processed data for one or more tiles, or even fora partial tile when the amount of storage needed in the coalesce buffer258 is not large enough to store the processed data for an entire tile.When the coalesce buffer 258 stores more than one tile, the coveragetracking unit 275 is configured to track coverage for each tile.Furthermore, when the multi-sample mode may be different for each tile,the coalesce unit 255 stores information indicating the multi-samplemode for each tile. When entries in the coalesce buffer 258 are writtena corresponding cache line or portion of a cache line in the cache 280may be invalidated.

In one embodiment, the coalesce buffer 258 is omitted and the processeddata is stored in the cache 280. In other words, the coalesce buffer 258is embodied as the entries within the cache 280 that store data for theprocessed pixels. When the encoding state received from the processingunit 250 is 1SPP, all of the samples of the multi-sample pixel or aportion of the multi-sample pixel have the same values. The 1SPPencoding state may be used for a portion of a multi-sample pixel whenthe number of samples is high. For example, when the number of bytesneeded to store the data for all of the samples in a multi-sample pixelis greater than 256 Bytes or the size of a cache line.

In one embodiment, the coverage tracking unit 275 stores a single bitfor each multi-sample pixel, and the bit is set when a store request isreceived by the Load/Store unit 290 for the multi-sample pixel. When allof the bits for the multi-sample pixels of a tile are set, storerequests have been received for all for the multi-sample pixels in thetile and the tile is “full”. In another embodiment, the coveragetracking unit 275 uses a counter to track the number of store operationsfor a tile to determine if store requests have been received for all ofthe multi-sample pixels in the tile. When a tile is “full”, the data forthe tile may be flushed from the coalesce buffer 258 or the cache 280 tothe L2 cache 265. Entries in the cache 280 storing the data for the tilemay be marked as empty and the bits in the coverage tracking unit 275corresponding to the tile may be cleared when the tile is flushed.

When the coalesce buffer 258 is configured to store a partial tile,processed data for the partial tile may be flushed when the coveragetracking unit 275 indicates that store operations have been received forall of the multi-sample pixels in the partial tile. Entries in the cache280 storing the data for the partial tile may be marked as empty and thebits in the coverage tracking unit 275 corresponding to the partial tilemay be cleared when the partial tile is flushed. An advantage of storingprocessed data for groups of multi-sample pixels is that a singleencoding state may be output to the L2 cache 265 for the entire group,e.g., tile, rather than outputting an encoding state for eachmulti-sample pixel.

Under certain conditions a tile may be flushed by the coalesce unit 255before processed data for all of the multi-sample pixels in the tile arereceived from the processing unit 250 or when the tile is not “full”. Afirst condition is that processed data is received for a “new” tile andstorage is not available in the coalesce buffer 258 to coalesce a newtile. The second condition is that the processed data is for amulti-sample pixel that has already been received for a tile beingcoalesced (i.e., the bit associated with the multi-sample pixel is setin the coverage tracking unit 275). The coalesce unit 255 may flush theprocessed data that is already stored for the tile to begin coalescingthe tile again with the new processed data. Alternatively, the coalesceunit 255 may compare the new processed data with the processed datastored in the coalesce buffer 258 and, if the new processed data equalsthe stored processed data, the coalesce unit 255 may discard the newprocessed data (or overwrite the stored processed data with the newprocessed data) and avoid flushing the tile. When the new processed datadoes not match the stored processed data, the coalesce unit 255 flushesthe tile to begin coalescing the tile again with the new processed data.Alternatively, the coalesce unit 255 may flush one or more entries inthe coalesce buffer 258 that is occupied by the stored processed dataand store the new processed data in the one or more entries.

When an incomplete tile (i.e., a tile that is not “full”) is flushed,the load/store unit 290 outputs the processed data for the multi-samplepixels that have been received from the processing unit 250. The tilecoverage information maintained in the tracking unit 275 may be used bythe coalesce unit 255 to determine which multi-sample pixels areflushed. When the processed data is stored in the cache 280 (i.e., thecoalesce buffer 258 is omitted), the processed pixel data may be flushedwhen a cache miss occurs. In one embodiment, the processing unit 250 isconfigured to process the data for samples that are within one tile inparallel to enable the load/store unit 290 to coalesce the sample intotiles that may be flushed to the L2 cache 265 as “full” tiles.

The processed data for the multi-sample pixels that is flushed may allhave the same encoding state or an encoding state may be stored in thecoalesce buffer 258 for each multi-sample pixel. The processed data forthe incomplete tile may be output with a single encoding state or withan encoding state for each multi-sample pixel (per-pixel encoding state)or portion of a multi-sample pixel. When all of the multi-sample pixelshave the same encoding state, the processed data may be output with atile mask indicating which of the multi-sample pixels are included inthe flush. When encoding state is maintained for each multi-samplepixel, the coalesce unit 255 may be configured to examine the per-pixelencoding state for the tile. When all of the per-pixel encoding state isthe same, the processed data may be output with a tile mask indicatingwhich of the multi-sample pixels are included in the flush.

When the per-pixel encoding state differs for at least one multi-samplepixel, the processed data associated with a 1SPP encoding state may bereplicated for each sample in the respective multi-sample pixel and allof the processed data may be output with a tile mask and an encodingstate of not 1SPP. Alternatively, the processed data may be output intwo sub-flushes. A first sub-flush may include the processed dataassociated with the encoding state of 1SPP and a corresponding firsttile mask. A second sub-flush may include the processed data associatedwith the encoding state of not 1SPP and a corresponding second tilemask. Finally, the processed data may be output with per-pixel encodingstate and a tile mask.

FIG. 2D illustrates another diagram of the Load/Store unit 290 shown inFIG. 2B, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2D, in oneembodiment the Load/Store unit 290 comprises a cache 281, a load requestunit 286, a coalesce unit 256, and a coverage tracking unit 276. Theload request unit 286 and the coverage tracking unit 276 performsubstantially the same functions as the previously described loadrequest unit 285 and coverage tracking unit 275. The cache 281 performssubstantially the same functions as the previously described cache 280.However, the cache 281 is configured to receive the processedmulti-sample pixel data from the processing unit 250. In one embodiment,when the processed multi-sample pixel data that is received from theprocessing unit 250 has an encoded state of 1SPP, the processedmulti-sample pixel data is replicated for all of the samples in themulti-sample pixel or portion of the multi-sample pixel and stored inthe cache 281. When configured to operate in this manner, the encodingstate does not need to be stored in the cache 281.

In one embodiment, the coalesce unit 256 is configured to snoop thewrites to the cache 281 that are received from the processing unit 250and update the tile coverage mask maintained by the coverage trackingunit 276. When a tile is “full” the coalesce unit 256 reads the tiledata from the cache 281. Entries in the cache 281 storing the data forthe tile may be marked as empty and the bits in the coverage trackingunit 276 corresponding to the tile may be cleared when the tile isflushed.

In one embodiment, when the encoding state for the processed data thatis flushed is not 1SPP, the coalesce unit 256 is configured to analyzethe processed data. The coalesce unit is configured to compare thevalues of the processed data for different samples of each mufti-samplepixel or a portion of each mufti-sample pixel and determine the encodingstate for each pixel or for a tile of pixels in order to provide theencoding state to the L2 cache 265. The coalesce buffer 259 may beconfigured to store the processed data for different samples while theanalysis is performed. The coalesce buffer 259 may also be configured tostore the encoding state for each multi-sample pixel or portion of eachmulti-sample pixel as the processed data is analyzed.

When the coalesce buffer 259 is configured to output a partial tile,processed data for the partial tile may be flushed when the coveragetracking unit 276 indicates that store operations have been received forall of the multi-sample pixels in the partial tile. Entries in the cache281 storing the data for the partial tile may be marked as empty and thebits in the coverage tracking unit 276 corresponding to the partial tilemay be cleared when the partial tile is flushed.

Under certain conditions a tile may be flushed by the coalesce unit 255before processed data for all of the multi-sample pixels in the tile arereceived from the processing unit 250 or when the tile is not “full”. Afirst condition is that processed data is received for a “new” tile andstorage is not available in the cache 281 to coalesce a new tile. Thesecond condition is that the processed data is for a multi-sample pixelthat has already been received for a tile being coalesced (i.e., the bitassociated with the multi-sample pixel is set in the coverage trackingunit 275). The coalesce unit 256 may flush the processed data that isalready stored for the tile to begin coalescing the tile again with thenew processed data. Alternatively, the coalesce unit 256 may flush oneor more entries in the cache 281 that are occupied by the storedprocessed data and store the new processed data in the one or moreentries.

When an incomplete tile (i.e., a tile that is not “full”) is flushed,the load/store unit 290 outputs the processed data for the multi-samplepixels that have been received from the processing unit 250. The tilecoverage information maintained in the tracking unit 276 may be used bythe coalesce unit 256 to determine which multi-sample pixels areflushed. The processed pixel data may be flushed when a cache missoccurs for the cache 281. In one embodiment, the processing unit 250 isconfigured to process the data for samples that are within one tile inparallel to enable the load/store unit 290 to coalesce the sample intotiles that may be flushed to the L2 cache 265 as “full” tiles.

The processed data for the multi-sample pixels that is flushed may allhave the same encoding state or an encoding state may be stored in thecoalesce buffer 259 or the cache 281 for each multi-sample pixel. Theprocessed data for the incomplete tile may be output with a singleencoding state or with an encoding state for each multi-sample pixel(per-pixel encoding state) or portion of a multi-sample pixel. When allof the multi-sample pixels have the same encoding state, the processeddata may be output with a tile mask indicating which of the multi-samplepixels are included in the flush. When encoding state is maintained foreach multi-sample pixel, the coalesce unit 256 may be configured toexamine the per-pixel encoding state for the tile. When all of theper-pixel encoding state is the same, the processed data may be outputwith a tile mask indicating which of the multi-sample pixels areincluded in the flush.

When the per-pixel encoding state differs for at least one multi-samplepixel, the processed data associated with a 1SPP encoding state may bereplicated for each sample in the respective multi-sample pixel and allof the processed data may be output with a tile mask and an encodingstate of not 1SPP. Alternatively, the processed data may be output intwo sub-flushes. A first sub-flush may include the processed dataassociated with the encoding state of 1SPP and a corresponding firsttile mask. A second sub-flush may include the processed data associatedwith the encoding state of not 1SPP and a corresponding second tilemask. Finally, the processed data may be output with per-pixel encodingstate and a tile mask.

FIG. 3 illustrates another flowchart of a method 300 for processingmulti-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment. The steps shown inmethod 300 may be performed by a shader program that is executed by agraphics processor. At step 301, the load/store unit 290 receivesmulti-sample pixel data. At step 305, the load/store unit 290 determinesif the encoding state associated with the multi-sample pixel data is1SPP, and, if so, at step 310, the load/store unit 290 provides data forone sample of each multi-sample pixel or portion of a multi-sample pixeland the encoding state of 1SPP to the processing unit 250.

In one embodiment, the load/store unit 290 receives encoding state forthe multi-sample pixels with the multi-sample pixel data. In anotherembodiment, as described in further detail in conjunction with FIG. 4B,the load/store unit 290 is configured to perform an analysis of themulti-sample pixel data to determine if the multi-sample pixel data maybe encoded in 1SPP format. At step 305, when the load/store unit 290determines that the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded in 1SPPformat by analyzing the multi-sample pixel data, the encoding state isset to 1SPP. At step 330, the one sample of the pixel is processed bythe processing unit 250 to generate processed data for the all samplesof the pixel.

If at step 305, the load/store unit 290 determines that the encodingstate associated with the multi-sample pixel data is not 1SPP, then atstep 315, the load/store unit 290 may provide data for all samples ofeach multi-sample pixel or each multi-sample pixel portion and theencoding state to the processing unit 250. At step 315, the encodingstate is set to not 1SPP and is output to the processing unit 250 alongwith the data for all samples of each multi-sample pixel or eachmulti-sample pixel portion. At step 335, the processing unit 250processes the data for an of the samples for each multi-sample pixel oreach multi-sample pixel portion.

At step 340, the processing unit 250 sets the encoding state to 1SPP ornot 1SPP based on the representation of the processed data. At step 345,the processing unit 250 outputs the processed data for each multi-samplepixel or each multi-sample pixel portion to the Load/Store unit 290along with the encoding state. The processed data may include data forthe one sample or for all samples of a multi-sample pixel or for allsamples of a multi-sample pixel portion.

FIG. 4A illustrates a flowchart of a method 400 for coalescingprocessing multi-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment.Although the steps shown in FIG. 4A are described as being performed bythe Load/Store unit 290, one or more of the Load/Store unit 290, the L2cache 265, or the processing unit 250 may be configured to perform thesteps shown in FIG. 4A. The steps are described in the context of theLoad/Store unit 290 shown in FIG. 2C. The steps may also be performed bythe Load/Store unit 290 shown in FIG. 2D, with the cache 281 storing theprocessed data instead of the coalesce buffer 258.

At step 405, the Load/Store unit 290 receives the processed data for amulti-sample pixel from the processing unit 250. At step 410, theLoad/Store unit 290 examines the encoding state that is provided by theprocessing unit 250 with the processed data and determines if theencoding state is 1SPP. When the encoding state is not 1SPP, theLoad/Store unit 290 outputs the processed data to the L2 cache 265 atstep 412. In another embodiment, when the encoding state is not 1SPP,the Load/Store unit 290 stores the processed data for all of the samplesin the coalesce buffer 258. When an entire tile is flushed from thecoalesce buffer 258, the Load/Store unit 290 then analyzes the processeddata to determine if the processed data for the entire tile may berepresented using only one sample for each multi-sample pixel. Thetechnique described in conjunction with FIG. 4B may be applied toperform the analysis.

If, at step 410, the encoding state is 1SPP, at step 415, the Load/Storeunit 290 determines if a new tile is needed to store the processed databecause the multi-sample pixel is not within a current tile that isstored in the coalesce buffer 258, and, if not, the Load/Store unit 290proceeds to step 420. If, a new tile is needed, at step 418, theprocessed data for the current tile is flushed to the L2 cache 265 andthe tile coverage is cleared in the coverage tracking unit 275 beforethe Load/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 420. If, at step 415, a newtile is not needed to store the processed data, then at step 420, theLoad/Store unit 290 stores the processed data for the multi-sample pixelin the coalesce buffer 258. At step 422, the Load/Store unit 290 updatesthe tile coverage stored in the coverage tracking unit 275 and theLoad/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 430.

At step 430, the Load/Store unit 290 determines if a tile stored in thecoalesce buffer 258 is fully covered, and, if so, the processed data forthe fully covered tile is flushed to the L2 cache 265 and the tilecoverage is cleared in the coverage tracking unit 275 and the Load/Storeunit 290 terminates handling of the process multi-sample pixel data thatwas received at step 405. The steps described in conjunction with FIG.4A may also be performed for a partial tile when the coalesce buffer 258is configured to store a partial tile instead of an entire tile.

FIG. 4B illustrates a flowchart of a method for performing the step 305of the method 300 shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with one embodiment.Although the steps shown in FIG. 4B are described as being performed bythe Load/Store unit 290, one or more of the Load/Store unit 290, the L2cache 265, or the processing unit 250 may be configured to perform thesteps shown in FIG. 4B.

At step 440, the Load/Store unit 290 determines if an encoding state of1SPP was received with the multi-sample pixel data, and, if so, theLoad/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 310. Otherwise, at step 445, theLoud/Store unit 290 analyzes the multi-sample pixel data to determine ifthe multi-sample pixel data may be encoded in 1SPP format. In oneembodiment, the Load/Store unit 290 compares values for all samples ofeach multi-sample pixel or portion of a multi-sample pixel to determineif a tile of pixel data received from the L2 cache 265 can each berepresented by single sample before storing the pixel data in the cache280. In another embodiment, the Load/Store unit 290 compares values forall samples of each multi-sample pixel that is read from the cache 280for output to the processing unit 250 to determine if the data can eachbe represented by single sample before outputting the pixel data to theprocessing unit 250. If, at step 450, the Load/Store unit 290 determinesthat the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded in 1SPP format, then,the Load/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 310. Otherwise, Load/Store unit290 proceeds to step 315.

When the data is the same for each sample of a pixel, the 1SPP encodingstate may be used to reduce the memory footprint for storing themulti-sample pixel data and also reduce the bandwidth consumed to read,write, and transmit the multi-sample pixel data. Furthermore, in somecases, a processing unit, such as the processing unit 250, may beconfigured to process the single sample to generate processedmulti-sample pixel data for the single sample that represents processedmulti-sample pixel data for two or more samples, or even all of thesamples of a multi-sample pixel.

Multi-Sample Surface Processing Using Sample Subsets

In addition to an encoding state of 1SPP and not 1SPP, an encoding statemay be provided or determined that allows sample subsets for amulti-sample pixel to have the same data values, but does not requireall samples in a multi-sample pixel to have the same data values. Suchan encoding state is referred to as a subset encoding state. In otherwords, when the encoding state is subset, data for single sample may bestored that represents multi-sample pixel data for all samples in asubset of a multi-sample pixel that includes the single sample. Themulti-sample pixel data is analyzed to identify subsets of samples of amulti-sample pixel that have equal data when the subset encoding statemay be used.

Each subset includes at least one sample and the encoding state ofsubset indicates which samples are included in a subset for amulti-sample pixel. For example, the subset encoding state may include aper-pixel sample mask indicating the samples of the multi-sample pixelthat are included in the subset. Typically, the subset encoding state isrelevant for individual multi-sample pixels. However, the encoding stateof subset may also be used for an entire tile or partial tile ofmulti-sample pixel data.

FIG. 5A illustrates another diagram of the Load/Store unit 290 shown inFIG. 2B, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5A, in oneembodiment the Load/Store unit 290 comprises a cache 580, a load requestunit 585, a coalesce unit 555, and a coverage tracking unit 575. Thecache 580 performs substantially the same functions as the previouslydescribed cache 280, except that any encoding state stored in the cachemay also include per-pixel sample masks for the subset encoding state.

The load request unit 585 performs at least the functions of thepreviously described load request unit 285. The load request unit 585also includes an analysis unit 500 that may be configured to analyze themulti-sample pixel data to determine if the multi-sample pixel data maybe encoded in 1SPP format, as previously described. Additionally, theanalysis unit 500 may be configured to analyze the multi-sample pixeldata to determine if the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded with anencoding state of subset. More specifically, the analysis unit 500 maygenerate a per-pixel sample mask for each sample subset, where all ofthe samples in a subset can be represented by a single sample of thesubset, i.e., the samples in the subset have the same data. The analysisunit 500 may determine the encoding state that is output to theprocessing unit 250. In one embodiment, the encoding state is receivedwith the data from the L2 cache 265 and the load request unit 585provides the encoding state to the processing unit 250 along with thedata.

The coalesce unit 555 performs at least the functions as the previouslydescribed coalesce unit 255. The coalesce unit 555 receives processeddata for multi-sample pixels and encoding state corresponding to themulti-sample pixels from the processing unit 250. The coalesce unit 555may include a coalesce buffer 558 into which the processed data isstored. The coalesce buffer 558 may also be configured to store theper-pixel sample masks for sample subsets when the encoding state issubset. Alternatively, the per-pixel sample masks may be stored in thecoverage tracking unit 575 and the coverage tracking unit 575 may beconfigured to track multi-sample pixel coverage as well as tile (orpartial tile) coverage. The multi-sample coverage masks may be mergedusing bit-wise OR operations. When all of the bits in the storedmulti-sample coverage mask for a multi-sample pixel are set, themulti-sample pixel is fully covered. However, if the coalesce unit 555is configured to output processed multi-sample pixel data with anencoding state of subset, the separate per-pixel coverage masks for eachsubset should be stored separately. In one embodiment, a per-pixelsample mask is stored in coalesce buffer 558 with the processedmulti-sample pixel data for each subset.

The coalesce unit 555 may also include the previously described analysisunit 500 that may be configured to analyze the multi-sample pixel datato determine if the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded with anencoding state of 1SPP, not 1SPP, or subset. The analysis unit 500 maydetermine the encoding state that is output to the L2 cache 265. In oneembodiment, the encoding state is received with the data from theprocessing unit 250 and the coalesce unit 555 provides the encodingstate to the L2 cache 265 along with the processed data.

When processed multi-sample data is received for a multi-sample pixelthat has already been received for a tile being coalesced (i.e., atleast one bit associated with the multi-sample pixel is set in theper-pixel sample coverage mask stored in the coverage tracking unit 575)the multi-sample data may be merged when the encoding state for themulti-sample pixel is subset if the new processed data equals the storedprocessed data. Otherwise, the new processed data is stored separatelyfrom the stored processed data and the per-pixel sample coverage maskstored in the coverage tracking unit 575 is updated to merge the newper-pixel sample coverage mask and the stored per-pixel sample coveragemask.

When the per-pixel encoding state differs for at least one multi-samplepixel in a tile, the processed data associated with a 1SPP encodingstate may be replicated for each sample in the respective multi-samplepixel and processed data associated with a subset encoding state may bereplicated for each sample in the respective subset. Then all of theprocessed data may be output with a tile mask and an encoding state ofnot 1SPP. Alternatively, the processed data may be output in two orthree sub-flushes. A first sub-flush may include the processed dataassociated with the encoding state of 1SPP and a corresponding first themask. A second sub-flush may include the processed data associated withthe encoding state of not 1SPP and a corresponding second tile flask. Athird sub-flush may include the processed data associated with theencoding state of subset (including per-pixel sample masks) and acorresponding third tile mask. Finally, the processed data may be outputwith per-pixel encoding state and a tile mask, where the encoding statefor each pixel may include the encoding state of subset which comprisestwo of more per-pixel sample masks.

In one embodiment, the coalesce buffer 558 stores the processedmulti-sample pixel data as a list of pixel (x, y, processed data,per-pixel sample mask) values. The x,y coordinates may be tile-relative.The values are stored as an array of tuples where a new incomingprocessed data is stored in the next available index rather thanrelative to the x,y location of the multi-sample pixel. This may allowequal processed data values corresponding to different samples of amulti-sample pixel to be “merged” within the same entry of the coalescebuffer 558. In one embodiment the data values may be merged when the twovalues are within a threshold value of each other. In one embodiment, adifferent threshold value may be specified for each attribute.Therefore, color values may be merged using a different threshold valuethat is used for merging z values. In one embodiment, the coalescebuffer 558 may be implemented as a content-addressable memory (CAM).When the coalesce buffer 558 is flushed, the list of tuples may beoutput to the sent to L2 cache 265, or the processed data stored in thecoalesce buffer 558 may be expanded to the format of not the 1SPPencoded state.

FIG. 5B illustrates another diagram of the Load/Store unit 290 shown inFIG. 2B, in accordance with one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5B, in oneembodiment the Load/Store unit 290 comprises a cache 581, a load requestunit 586, a coalesce unit 556, and a coverage tracking unit 576. Theload request unit 586 and the coverage tracking unit 576 performsubstantially the same functions as the previously described loadrequest unit 585 and coverage tracking unit 575. The cache 581 performssubstantially the same functions as the previously described cache 580.However, the cache 581 is configured to receive the processedmulti-sample pixel data from the processing unit 250. In one embodiment,when the processed multi-sample pixel data that is received from theprocessing unit 250 has an encoded state of 1SPP, the processedmulti-sample pixel data is replicated for all of the samples in themulti-sample pixel or portion of the multi-sample pixel and stored inthe cache 581. Similarly, when the processed multi-sample pixel datathat is received from the processing unit 250 has an encoded state ofsubset, the processed multi-sample pixel data is replicated for all ofthe samples in the subset of the multi-sample pixel and stored in thecache 581. When configured to operate in this manner, the encoding statedoes not need to be stored in the cache 581.

In one embodiment, the coalesce unit 556 is configured to snoop thewrites to the cache 581 that are received from the processing unit 250and update the tile coverage mask and per-pixel sample coverage masksmaintained by the coverage tracking unit 576. When a tile is “full” thecoalesce unit 556 reads the tile data from the cache 581. Entries in thecache 581 storing the data for the tile may be marked as empty and thebits in the coverage tracking unit 576 corresponding to the tile may becleared when the tile is flushed.

In one embodiment, the coalesce unit 256, when the encoding state forthe processed data that is flushed is not 1SPP, the analysis unit 500within the coalesce unit 256 is configured to analyze the processeddata. The analysis unit 500 may be configured to compare the values ofthe processed data for different samples of each multi-sample pixel anddetermine the encoding state for each pixel or for a tile of pixels inorder to provide the encoding state to the L2 cache 265. The coalescebuffer 559 may be configured to store the processed data for differentsamples while the analysis is performed. The coalesce buffer 559 mayalso be configured to store the encoding state for each multi-samplepixel or portion of each multi-sample pixel as the processed data isanalyzed.

When the coalesce buffer 559 is configured to output a partial tile,processed data for the partial tile may be flushed when the coveragetracking unit 576 indicates that store operations have been received forall of the samples of all of the multi-sample pixels in the partialtile. Entries in the cache 581 storing the data for the partial tile maybe marked as empty and the bits in the coverage tracking unit 576corresponding to the partial tile may be cleared when the partial tileis flushed.

Under certain conditions a tile may be flushed by the coalesce unit 556before processed data for all of the multi-sample pixels in the tile arereceived from the processing unit 250 or when the tile is not “full”. Afirst condition is that processed data is received for a “new” tile andstorage is not available in the cache 581 to coalesce a new tile. Thesecond condition is that the processed data is for a sample of amulti-sample pixel that has already been received for a tile beingcoalesced (i.e., the bit associated with the sample of the multi-samplepixel is set in the coverage tracking unit 576). The coalesce unit 556may flush the processed data that is already stored for the tile tobegin coalescing the tile again with the new processed data.Alternatively, the coalesce unit 556 may flush one or more entries inthe cache 581 that are occupied by the stored processed data and storethe new processed data in the one or more entries.

When an incomplete tile (i.e., a tile that is not “full”) is flushed,the load/store unit 290 outputs the processed data for the multi-samplepixels that have been received from the processing unit 250. The tilecoverage information maintained in the tracking unit 576 may be used bythe coalesce unit 556 to determine which multi-sample pixels areflushed. The processed pixel data may be flushed when a cache missoccurs for the cache 581. In one embodiment, the processing unit 250 isconfigured to process the data for samples that are within one tile inparallel to enable the load/store unit 290 to coalesce the sample intotiles that may be flushed to the L2 cache 265 as “full” tiles.

The processed data for the multi-sample pixels that are flushed may allhave the same encoding state or an encoding state may be stored in thecoalesce buffer 559 or the cache 581 for each multi-sample pixel or foreach sample subset of a multi-sample pixel. The processed data for theincomplete tile may be output with a single encoding state or with anencoding state for each multi-sample pixel (per-pixel encoding state) orsample subset of a multi-sample pixel. When all of the multi-samplepixels have the same encoding state, the processed data may be outputwith a tile mask indicating which of the multi-sample pixels areincluded in the flush. When encoding state is maintained for eachmulti-sample pixel, the coalesce unit 556 may be configured to examinethe per-pixel or per-subset encoding state for the tile. When all of theper-pixel encoding state is the same, the processed data may be outputwith a tile mask indicating which of the multi-sample pixels areincluded in the flush. Per-pixel sample masks will be output by thecoalesce unit 556 when the encoding state is subset.

When the per-pixel encoding state differs for at least one multi-samplepixel in a tile, the processed data associated with a 1SPP encodingstate may be replicated for each sample in the respective multi-samplepixel and processed data associated with a subset encoding state may bereplicated for each sample in the respective subset. Then all of theprocessed data may be output with a tile mask and an encoding state ofnot 1SPP. When the per-pixel encoding state differs for at least onemulti-sample pixel in a tile (i.e., subset and 1SPP), the processed dataassociated with the 1SPP encoding state may be encoded as a samplesubset. Alternatively, the processed data may be output in two or threesub-flushes. A first sub-flush may include the processed data associatedwith the encoding state of 1SPP and a corresponding first tile mask. Asecond sub-flush may include the processed data associated with theencoding state of not 1SPP and a corresponding second tile mask. A thirdsub-flush may include the processed data associated with the encodingstate of subset (including per-pixel sample masks) and a correspondingthird tile mask. Finally, the processed data may be output withper-pixel encoding state and a tile mask, where the encoding state foreach pixel may include the encoding state of subset which comprises twoof more per-pixel sample masks.

FIG. 5C illustrates a diagram 520 of the various processing units andinterconnections that are used during the multi-sample processing, inaccordance with one embodiment. An L2 cache 265 performs the functionsof the L2 cache 265 and may also include one or more analysis units 500to analyze multi-sample pixel data and determine encoding stateassociated with the multi-sample pixel data. A processing unit 550performs the function of the processing unit 250 and may also include ananalysis unit 500 that is configured to analyze multi-sample pixel datareceived from the load/store unit 290 and determine encoding stateassociated with the multi-sample pixel data before processing themulti-sample pixel data.

FIG. 6A illustrates another flowchart of a method 600 for processingmulti-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment. The steps shown inmethod 600 may be performed by a shader program that is executed by agraphics processor. At step 601, the load/store unit 290 receivesmulti-sample pixel data. At step 603, the load/store unit 290 determinesif the encoding state associated with the multi-sample pixel data is1SPP, and, if so, at step 608, the load/store unit 290 provides data forone sample of each multi-sample pixel or portion of a multi-sample pixeland the encoding state of 1SPP to the processing unit 254).

In one embodiment, the load/store unit 290 receives encoding state forthe multi-sample pixels with the multi-sample pixel data, in anotherembodiment, the load/store unit 290 includes an analysis unit 500 and isconfigured to perform an analysis of the multi-sample pixel data todetermine if the multi-sample pixel data may be associated with anencoded state of 1SPP or subset. At step 603, when the load/store unit290 determines that the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded in 1SPPformat by analyzing the multi-sample pixel data, the encoding state isset to 1SPP. At step 614, the one sample of the pixel is processed bythe processing unit 250 to generate processed data for the all samplesof the pixel or pixel portion.

if at step 603, the load/store unit 290 determines that the encodingstate associated with the multi-sample pixel data is not 1SPP, then atstep 606, the load/store unit 290 determines if the multi-sample pixeldata may be associated with an encoded state of subset. At step 616,when the load/store unit 290 determines, by analyzing the multi-samplepixel data, that the multi-sample pixel data may be encoded with anencoding state of subset, the encoding state is set to subset and thecorresponding per-pixel sample mask is included in the encoding statefor each sample subset. At step 616, the encoding state is output to theprocessing unit 250 along with the data for one sample of each samplesubset. At step 618, the one sample of the pixel is processed by theprocessing unit 250 to generate processed data for the all samples ofthe sample subset.

if at step 606, the load/store unit 290 determines that the encodingstate associated with the multi-sample pixel data is not subset, then atstep 623, the load/store unit 290 may provide data for all samples ofeach multi-sample pixel or each multi-sample pixel portion and theencoding state to the processing unit 250. At step 623, the encodingstate is set to not 1SPP and is output to the processing unit 250 alongwith the data for all samples of each multi-sample pixel or eachmulti-sample pixel portion. At step 626, the processing unit 250processes the data for all of the samples for each multi-sample pixel oreach multi-sample pixel portion.

At step 632, the processing unit 250 sets the encoding state to 1SPP,subset, or not 1SPP based on the representation of the processed data.At step 634, the processing unit 250 outputs the processed data for eachmulti-sample pixel, each multi-sample pixel portion, or each samplesubset to the Load/Store unit 290 along with the encoding state. Theprocessed data may include data for the one sample or for all samples ofa multi-sample pixel, one sample of each sample subset, one sample forall samples of a multi-sample pixel portion, or all samples of amulti-sample pixel.

FIG. 6B illustrates a flowchart of a method 635 for coalescingprocessing multi-sample data, in accordance with one embodiment.Although the steps shown in FIG. 6B are described as being performed bythe Load/Store unit 290, one or more of the Load/Store unit 290, the L2cache 265 (or 265), or the processing unit 250 (or 550) may beconfigured to perform the steps shown in FIG. 6B. The steps aredescribed in the context of the Load/Store unit 290 shown in FIG. 5A.The steps may also be performed by the Load/Store unit 290 shown in FIG.5B, with the cache 581 storing the processed data instead of thecoalesce buffer 558.

At step 605, the Load/Store unit 290 receives the processed data for amulti-sample pixel from the processing unit 250. At step 607, theLoad/Store unit 290 determines if a new tile is needed to store theprocessed data because the multi-sample pixel is not within a currenttile that is stored in the coalesce buffer 558, and, if not, theLoad/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 610. If, a new tile is needed, atstep 609, the processed data for the current tile is flushed to the L2cache 265 and the tile coverage is cleared in the coverage tracking unit575 before the Load/Store unit 290 proceeds to step 610.

At step 610, the Load/Store unit 290 examines the encoding state that isprovided by the processing unit 250 with the processed data anddetermines if the encoding state is 1SPP. When the encoding state is not1SPP, at step 640 the Load/Store unit 290 determines if the processeddata can be encoded as one or more subsets. The Load/Store unit 290 mayperform an analysis of the processed data using the analysis unit 500 todetermine the encoding state. If the processed data can be encoded asone or more subsets, at step 645 a per-pixel sample mask is generatedfor each subset. At step 650, the Load/Store unit 290 determines if anentry in the coalesce buffer 558 matches the x,y coordinates (or otherunique identifier) for the multi-sample pixel. If a matching entry isfound at step 650, then at step 655 the Load/Store unit 290 merges theprocessed data into the matching entry. Otherwise, at step 660, theLoad/Store unit 290 stores the processed data in an empty entry of thecoalesce buffer 558.

If, at step 640 the Load/Store unit 290 determines that one or moresubsets cannot be encoded, then at step 660 the Load/Store unit 290stores the processed data in an empty entry of the coalesce buffer 558.When the processed data cannot be encoded as ism) or subset, theencoding state is not 1SPP and processed data for each sample is storedfor the multi-sample pixel. In another embodiment, the Load/Store unit290 outputs the processed data to the L2 cache 265 when the encodingstate is not 1SPP.

If, at step 610, the encoding state is 1SPP, at step 620, the Load/Storeunit 290 stores the processed data for the multi-sample pixel in thecoalesce buffer 558. At step 665, the Load/Store unit 290 updates thetile coverage stored in the coverage tracking unit 575. At step 670, theLoad/Store unit 290 determines if a tile stored in the coalesce buffer558 is fully covered, and, if so, the processed data for the fullycovered tile is flushed to the L2 cache 265 and the tile coverage iscleared in the coverage tracking unit 575. Then the Load/Store unit 290terminates handling of the process multi-sample pixel data that wasreceived at step 605. The steps described in conjunction with FIG. 6Bmay also be performed for a partial tile when the coalesce buffer 558 isconfigured to store a partial tile instead of an entire tile.

When the data is the same for one or more subsets of samples of amulti-sample pixel, the subset encoding state may be used to reduce thememory footprint for storing the multi-sample pixel data and also reducethe bandwidth consumed to read, write, and transmit the multi-samplepixel data. Furthermore, in some cases, a processing unit, such as theprocessing unit 250 or 550, may be configured to process the singlesample to generate processed multi-sample pixel data for the singlesample that represents processed multi-sample pixel data for two or moresamples, or even all of the samples of a multi-sample pixel.

Multi-Sample Load and Store Instructions

As previously described, a multi-sample load instruction (SULD.MS) maybe supported that returns a sample mask indicating which samples areknown to have the same value. The multi-sample load instruction alsospecifies an address or coordinates of a multi-sample pixel. In oneembodiment, the multi-sample load instruction returns a predicateindicating whether the multi-sample pixel has an encoding state of not1SPP (i.e., a separate value is stored for each sample of themulti-sample pixel). In another embodiment, the predicate indicates theencoding state of the multi-sample pixel, e.g., 1SPP, not 1SPP orsubset.

In one embodiment, inputs to the multi-sample load instruction include apixel address and sample identifier corresponding to one sample in themulti-sample pixel. In addition to returning the data for the onesample, the multi-sample load instruction also returns an integer samplemask indicating which other samples in the multi-sample pixel are knownto have the same data as the one sample. The multi-sample loadinstruction may be defined such that the sample mask can be computedopportunistically. For example, if the multi-sample pixel is known to bepart of a tile having an encoding state of 1SPP, then the sample maskwill indicate that all samples of the multi-sample pixel have the samedata. When the encoding state of the multi-sample pixel is subset, thesample mask will indicate which samples are included in the same subsetas the sample corresponding to the specified sample identifier. Theload/store unit 290 or the L2 cache 265 may be configured to analyze themulti-sample pixel data and generate the per-pixel sample maskcorresponding to the subset that includes the sample corresponding tothe specified sample identifier. The generated per-pixel sample mask maybe returned by the multi-sample load instruction as the sample mask. Inone embodiment, the load/store unit 290 or the L2 cache 265 analyzes theother samples stored in a cache line to generate the sample mask, so thesample mask may not represent all of the samples in the subset when datafor all of the samples cannot be stored in a single cache line.

Additionally, a multi-sample store instruction (SUST.MS) may besupported that accepts a sample mask, where a value provided with themulti-sample store instruction is stored to every sample of amulti-sample pixel that is enabled according to the specified samplemask. In one embodiment, a sample mask that indicates a fully coveredpixel may be stored in a 1SPP format, as shown in FIG. 6B. In anotherembodiment, a sample mask that indicates a partially covered pixel maybe stored in a subset encoding.

The code shown in Table 1 illustrates an example of how the SUST.MS andSULD.MS instructions may be used in a shader program to compute andstore a function of values of samples in a pixel that are covered by aprimitive.

TABLE 1 coverageMask = PIXLD.COVERAGE;  // read the pixel coverage maskwhile (coverageMask) { // choose the sample of first set bit int samp =BitScanForward(coverageMask); (mask, color) = SULD.MS Rd, [Ra=x,y,sample= samp] Generate processed data // store to all covered samples thathave the same color SUST.MS [Ra=x,y, samplemask = coverageMask & mask]coverageMask &= ~mask; }

The pixel coverage mask indicates the sample coverage of a new primitiveregardless of the values that are stored for each sample (not the samplecoverage for a subset where the samples all store the same data). Ineach iteration of the loop, the value of one sample that is coveredaccording to the coverageMask is loaded using the SULD.MS instruction.The SULD.MS instruction returns the per-pixel sample mask (or per-cacheline sample mask). The value of the requested sample is processed togenerate a processed value.

The processed data for the one sample is returned and stored to allsamples that have the same value as the one sample (according to theper-pixel sample mask) and that are covered by the new primitive. ThecoverageMask is bit-wise ANDed with the per-pixel sample mask to ensureonly samples that are covered by the new primitive are written. ThecoverageMask is then updated based on the samples that were written bySUST.MS. The loop is only executed for each sample subset rather thanexecuting for each sample that is covered according to the pixelcoverage mask.

in one embodiment, the analyze unit 500 is implemented as fixed-functioncircuitry that is configured to implement comparison operations tocompute the per-pixel sample mask that is returned by the SUDANinstruction. An example implementation uses a 32 Byte cache line size,and includes eight 4 Byte comparators. Groups of four bytes aremultiplexed into the inputs of the comparators depending on the dataformat of the multi-sample pixel. For example, when the data format is4BPP (e.g. RGBA8), the 8 comparators perform comparisons for 8 dwords(datawords, where a dataword is 4 bytes):

dword[i] 

 dword[0] dword[i] 

 dword[1] dword[i] 

 dword[2] dword[i] 

 dword[3] dword[i] 

 dword[4] dword[i] 

 dword[5] dword[i] 

 dword[6] dword[i] 

 dword[7]where <i> is the sample being fetched. Depending on the multi-samplemode (i.e., number of samples per-pixel), the appropriate comparisonscan be merged into the per-pixel sample mask that is returned. Themulti-sample mode of 8×AA (8 samples per-pixel) uses all eightcomparisons, 4×AA (4 samples per-pixel) uses half of the comparisons,and so on.

If the data format of the multi-sample pixel is 8BPP (e.g. RGBA16F), thecomparisons may be arranged as follows:

dword[2*i+0]

dword[0] (lower half of sample 0) dword[2*i+1] 

 dword[1] (upper half of sample 0) dword[2*i+0] 

 dword[2] (lower half of sample 1) dword[2*i+1] 

 dword[3] (upper half of sample 1) dword[2*i+0] 

 dword[4] (lower half of sample 2) dword[2*i+1] 

 dword[5] (upper half of sample 2) dword[2*i+0] 

 dword[6] (lower half of sample 3) dword[2*i+1] 

 dword[7] (upper half of sample 3)If the multi-sample mode is 4×AA, then the arrangement shown above cancompare all of the samples in a pixel. If the multi-sample mode is 8×AA,then the arrangement shown above will only compare half of the samplesin the pixel and the per-pixel sample mask represents a portion of themulti-sample pixel or another set of comparisons is performed togenerate the per-pixel sample mask for the entire multi-sample pixel.

An alternate embodiment, filtering circuitry may be used to perform thecomparisons. For example, the Load/Store Unit 290 may implement MIN andMAX filtering modes that modes take a bilinear footprint (four texels)and, rather than computing a weighted average, are configured to computea component-wise minimum or maximum of the four texel values. In oneembodiment the Load/Store Unit 290 includes a texture unit that isconfigured to perform texture operations. The texture unit may includeat least four texels worth of comparators, which can be be configured toperform equality comparisons, as well as the MIN and MAX filtering modeoperations. Similarly, the Load/Store Unit 290 may support depth (z)comparison operations (i.e., to compare sampled values against ashader-provided “reference” value), which may be used to performcomparisons for depth values.

Parallel Processing System

FIG. 7 illustrates a parallel processing unit (PPU) 700, according toone embodiment. While a parallel processor is provided herein as anexample of the PPU 700, it should be strongly noted that such processoris set forth for illustrative purposes only, and any processor may beemployed to supplement anchor substitute for the same. In oneembodiment, the PPU 700 is configured to execute a plurality of threadsconcurrently in two or more streaming multi-processors (SMs) 750. In oneembodiment, the processing unit 250 and 550 are implemented as SMs 750.A thread (i.e., a thread of execution) is an instantiation of a set ofinstructions executing within a particular SM 750. Each SM 750,described below in more detail in conjunction with FIG. 8, may include,but is not limited to, one or more processing cores, a level-one (L1)cache, shared memory, and the like.

In one embodiment, the PPU 700 includes an input/output (I/O) unit 705configured to transmit and receive communications (i.e., commands, data,etc.) from a central processing unit (CPU) (not shown) over the systembus 702. The I/O unit 705 may implement a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect Express (PCIe) interface for communications over a PCIebus. In alternative embodiments, the I/O unit 705 may implement othertypes of well-known bus interfaces.

The PPU 700 also includes a host interface unit 710 that decodes thecommands and transmits the commands to the grid management unit 715 orother units of the PPU 700 (e.g., memory interface 780) as the commandsmay specify. The host interface unit 710 is configured to routecommunications between and among the various logical units of the PPU700.

In one embodiment, a program encoded as a command stream is written to abuffer by the CPU. The buffer is a region in memory, e.g., memory 704 orsystem memory, that is accessible (i.e., read/write) by both the CPU andthe PPU 700. The CPU writes the command stream to the buffer and thentransmits a pointer to the start of the command stream to the PPU 700.The host interface unit 710 provides the grid management unit (GMU) 715with pointers to one or more streams. The GMU 715 selects one or morestreams and is configured to organize the selected streams as a pool ofpending grids. The pool of pending grids may include new grids that havenot yet been selected for execution and grids that have been partiallyexecuted and have been suspended.

A work distribution unit 720 that is coupled between the GMU 715 and theSMs 750 manages a pool of active grids, selecting and dispatching activegrids for execution by the SMs 750. Pending grids are transferred to theactive grid pool by the GMU 715 when a pending grid is eligible toexecute, i.e. has no unresolved data dependencies. An active grid istransferred to the pending pool when execution of the active grid isblocked by a dependency. When execution of a grid is completed, the gridis removed from the active grid pool by the work distribution unit 720.In addition to receiving grids from the host interface unit 710 and thework distribution unit 720, the GMU 715 also receives grids that aredynamically generated by the SMs 750 during execution of a grid. Thesedynamically generated grids join the other pending grids in the pendinggrid pool.

In one embodiment, the CPU executes a driver kernel that implements anapplication programming interface (API) that enables one or moreapplications executing on the CPU to schedule operations for executionon the PPU 700. An application may include instructions (i.e., APIcalls) that cause the driver kernel to generate one or more grids forexecution. In one embodiment, the PPU 700 implements a SIMD(Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data) architecture where each thread block(i.e., warp) in a grid is concurrently executed on a different data setby different threads in the thread block. The driver kernel definesthread blocks that are comprised of k related threads, such that threadsin the same thread block may exchange data through shared memory. In oneembodiment, a thread block comprises 32 related threads and a grid is anarray of one or more thread blocks that execute the same stream and thedifferent thread blocks may exchange data through global memory.

In one embodiment, the PPU 700 comprises X SMs 750(X). For example, thePPO 100 may include 15 distinct SMs 750. Each SM 750 is multi-threadedand configured to execute a plurality of threads (e.g., 32 threads) froma particular thread block concurrently. Each of the SMs 750 is connectedto a level-two (L2) cache 265 via a Load/Store unit 290 and a crossbar260 (or other type of interconnect network). The Load/Store unit 290 isconfigured to perform load and store operations received from the SM750, as previously described.

The L2 cache 265 is connected to one or more memory interfaces 780.Memory interfaces 780 implement 16, 32, 64, 128-bit data buses, or thelike, for high-speed data transfer. In one embodiment, the PPU 700comprises U memory interfaces 780(U), where each memory interface 780(U)is connected to a corresponding memory device 704(U). For example, PPU700 may be connected to up to 6 memory devices 704, such as graphicsdouble-data-rate, version 5, synchronous dynamic random access memory(GDDR5 SDRAM).

In one embodiment, the PPU 700 implements a multi-level memoryhierarchy. The memory 704 is located off-chip in SDRAM coupled to thePPU 700. Data from the memory 704 may be fetched and stored in the L2cache 265, which is located on-chip and is shared between the variousSMs 750. The L2 cache 265 may be replaced with the L2 cache 565. In oneembodiment, each of the SMs 750 also implements an L1 cache. The L1cache is private memory that is dedicated to a particular SM 750. Eachof the L1 caches is coupled to the shared L2 cache 265. Data from the L2cache 265 may be fetched and stored in each of the L1 caches forprocessing in the functional units of the SMs 750.

hd 0.1 in one embodiment, the PPU 700 comprises a graphics processingunit (GPU). The PPU 700 is configured to receive commands that specifyshader programs for processing graphics data. Graphics data may bedefined as a set of primitives such as points, lines, triangles, quads,triangle strips, and the like. Typically, a primitive includes data thatspecifies a number of vertices for the primitive (e.g., in a model-spacecoordinate system) as well as attributes associated with each vertex ofthe primitive. The PPU 700 can be configured to process the graphicsprimitives to generate a frame buffer (i.e., pixel data for each of thepixels of the display). The driver kernel implements a graphicsprocessing pipeline, such as the graphics processing pipeline defined bythe OpenGL API.

An application writes model data for a scene (i.e., a collection ofvertices and attributes) to memory. The model data defines each of theobjects that may be visible on a display. The application then makes anAPI call to the driver kernel that requests the model data to berendered and displayed. The driver kernel reads the model data andwrites commands to the buffer to perform one or more operations toprocess the model data. The commands may encode different shaderprograms including one or more of a vertex shader, hull shader, geometryshader, pixel shader, etc.

For example, the GMU 715 may configure one or more SMs 750 to execute avertex shader program that processes a number of vertices defined by themodel data. In one embodiment, the GMU 715 may configure different SMs750 to execute different shader programs concurrently. For example, afirst subset of SMs 750 may be configured to execute a vertex shaderprogram while a second subset of SMs 750 may be configured to execute apixel shader program. The first subset of SMs 750 processes vertex datato produce processed vertex data and writes the processed vertex data tothe L2 cache 265 and/or the memory 704 via the LoadStore units 290 andthe crossbar 260. After the processed vertex data is rasterized (i.e.,transformed from three-dimensional data into two-dimensional data inscreen space) to produce fragment data, the second subset of SMs 750executes a pixel shader to produce processed fragment data, which isthen blended with other processed fragment data and written to the framebuffer in memory 704. The vertex shader program and pixel shader programmay execute concurrently, processing different data from the same scenein a pipelined fashion until all of the model data for the scene hasbeen rendered to the frame buffer. Then, the contents of the framebuffer are transmitted to a display controller for display on a displaydevice.

The PPU 700 may be included in a desktop computer, a laptop computer, atablet computer, a smart-phone (e.g., a wireless, hand-held device),personal digital assistant (PDA), digital camera, a hand-held electronicdevice, and the like. In one embodiment, the PRI 700 is embodied on asingle semiconductor substrate. In another embodiment, the PPU 700 isincluded in a system-on-a-chip (SoC) along with one or more other logicunits such as a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) CPU, a memorymanagement unit (MMU), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and thelike.

In one embodiment, the PHI 700 may be included on a graphics card thatincludes one or more memory devices 704 such as GDDR5 SDRAM. Thegraphics card may be configured to interface with a PCIe slot on amotherboard of a desktop computer that includes, e.g., a northbridgechipset and a southbridge chipset. In yet another embodiment, the PPU700 may be an integrated graphics processing unit (iGPU) included in thechipset (i.e., Northbridge) of the motherboard.

FIG. 8 illustrates the streaming multi-processor 750 of FIG. 5,according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 8, the SM 750 includes aninstruction cache 805, one or more scheduler units 810, a register file620, one or more processing cores 850, one or more double precisionunits (DPUs) 851, one or more special function units (SFUs) 852, one ormore load/store units (LSUs) 853, an interconnect network 880, and ashared memory/L1 cache 870. The SM 750 is coupled to a Load/Store unit290. The Load/Store unit 290 may include one or more texture units inaddition to the units shown in FIG. 2C.

In one embodiment, the SM 750 and Load/Store unit 290 are implementedwithin a GPU. In such an embodiment, the Load/Store unit 290 comprisesone or more texture units that are configured to load texture maps(i.e., a 2D array of texels) from the memory 704 and sample the texturemaps to produce sampled texture values for use in shader programs. Thetexture units implement texture operations such as anti-aliasingoperations using mip-maps (i.e., texture maps of varying levels ofdetail).

As described above, the work distribution unit 720 dispatches activegrids for execution on one or more SMs 750 of the PPU 700. The schedulerunit 810 receives the grids from the work distribution unit 720 andmanages instruction scheduling for one or more thread blocks of eachactive grid. The scheduler unit 810 schedules threads for execution ingroups of parallel threads, where each group is called a warp. In oneembodiment, each warp includes 32 threads. The scheduler unit 810 maymanage a plurality of different thread blocks, allocating the threadblocks to warps for execution and then scheduling instructions from theplurality of different warps on the various functional units (i.e.,cores 850, DPUs 851, SFUs 852, and LSUs 853) during each clock cycle.

In one embodiment, each scheduler unit 810 includes one or moreinstruction dispatch units 815. Each dispatch unit 815 is configured totransmit instructions to one or more of the functional units. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 8, the scheduler unit 810 includes two dispatchunits 815 that enable two different instructions from the same warp tobe dispatched during each clock cycle. In alternative embodiments, eachscheduler unit 810 may include a single dispatch unit 815 or additionaldispatch units 815.

Each SM 750 includes a register file 820 that provides a set ofregisters for the functional units of the SM 750. In one embodiment, theregister file 820 is divided between each of the functional units suchthat each functional unit is allocated a dedicated portion of theregister file 820. In another embodiment, the register file 820 isdivided between the different warps being executed by the SM 750. Theregister file 820 provides temporary storage for operands connected tothe data paths of the functional units.

Each SM 750 comprises L processing cores 850. In one embodiment, the SM750 includes a large number (e.g., 192, etc.) of distinct processingcores 850. Each core 850 is a fully-pipelined, single-precisionprocessing unit that includes a floating point arithmetic logic unit andan integer arithmetic logic unit. In one embodiment, the floating pointarithmetic logic units implement the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floatingpoint arithmetic. Each SM 750 also comprises M DPUs 851 that implementdouble-precision floating point arithmetic, N SFUs 852 that performspecial functions (e.g., copy rectangle, pixel blending operations, andthe like), and P LSUs 853 that implement load and store operationsbetween the shared memory/L1 cache 870 and the register file 820. In oneembodiment, the SM 750 includes 64 DPUs 851, 32 SFUs 852, and 32 LSUs853.

Each SM 750 includes an interconnect network 880 that connects each ofthe functional units to the register file 820 and the shared memory/L1cache 870. In one embodiment, the interconnect network 880 is a crossbarthat can be configured to connect any of the functional units to any ofthe registers in the register file 820 or the memory locations in sharedmemory/L1 cache 870.

The PPU 700 described above may be configured to perform highly parallelcomputations much faster than conventional CPUs. Parallel computing hasadvantages in graphics processing, data compression, biometrics, streamprocessing algorithms, and the like.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary system 900 in which the variousarchitecture and/or functionality of the various previous embodimentsmay be implemented. As shown, a system 900 is provided including atleast one central processor 901 that is connected to a communication bus902. The communication bus 902 may be implemented using any suitableprotocol, such as PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), PCI-Express,AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), HyperTransport, or any other bus orpoint-to-point communication protocol(s). The system 900 also includes amain memory 904. Control logic (software) and data are stored in themain memory 904 which may take the form of random access memory (RAM).

The system 900 also includes input devices 912, graphics processor 906,and a display 908, i.e. a conventional CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD(liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diode), plasma display orthe like. User input may be received from the input devices 912, e.g.,keyboard, mouse, touchpad, microphone, and the like. In one embodiment,the graphics processor 906 may include a plurality of shader modules, arasterization module, etc. Each of the foregoing modules may even besituated on a single semiconductor platform to form a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU).

In the present description, a single semiconductor platform may refer toa sole unitary semiconductor-based integrated circuit or chip. It shouldbe noted that the term single semiconductor platform may also refer tomulti-chip modules with increased connectivity which simulate on-chipoperation, and make substantial improvements over utilizing aconventional central processing unit (CPU) and bus implementation. Ofcourse, the various modules may also be situated separately or invarious combinations of semiconductor platforms per the desires of theuser.

The system 900 may also include a secondary storage 910. The secondarystorage 910 includes, for example, a hard disk drive and/or a removablestorage drive, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive,a compact disk drive, digital versatile disk (DVD) drive, recordingdevice, universal serial bus (USB) flash memory. The removable storagedrive reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit in awell-known manner.

Computer programs, or computer control logic algorithms, may be storedin the main memory 904 and/or the secondary storage 910. Such computerprograms, when executed, enable the system 900 to perform variousfunctions. The compiler program may be executed by the central processor901 or the graphics processor 906. The main memory 904, the storage 910,and/or any other storage are possible examples of computer-readablemedia.

In one embodiment, the architecture and/or functionality of the variousprevious figures may be implemented in the context of the centralprocessor 901, the graphics processor 906, an integrated circuit (notshown) that is capable of at least a portion of the capabilities of boththe central processor 901 and the graphics processor 906, a chipset(i.e., a group of integrated circuits designed to work and sold as aunit for performing related functions, etc.), and/or any otherintegrated circuit for that matter.

Still yet, the architecture and/or functionality of the various previousfigures may be implemented in the context of a general computer system,a circuit board system, a game console system dedicated forentertainment purposes, an application-specific system, and/or any otherdesired system. For example, the system 900 may take the form of adesktop computer, laptop computer, server, workstation, game consoles,embedded system, and/or any other type of logic. Still yet, the system900 may take the form of various other devices including, but notlimited to a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a mobile phonedevice, a television, etc.

Further, while not shown, the system 900 may be coupled to a network(e.g., a telecommunications network, local area network (LAN), wirelessnetwork, wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet, peer-to-peernetwork, cable network, or the like) for communication purposes.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment shouldnot be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, butshould be defined only in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: receiving a multi-samplestore instruction that specifies data for a single sample of amulti-sample pixel and a sample mask; and storing the data for thesingle sample to each sample of the multi-sample pixel that is enabledaccording to the sample mask.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thesample mask represents a portion of the multi-sample pixel.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising associating the multi-sample pixelwith an encoding state that indicates the data for the single samplerepresents data for all samples of the multi-sample pixel.
 4. The methodof claim 3, wherein the encoding state is associated with a tileincluding the multi-sample pixel and one or more additional multi-samplepixels.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting thesample mask and data for the single sample to a cache or processing unitthat expands the data for the single sample based on the sample mask. 6.A system comprising: a memory storing multi-sample pixel data; and aload/store unit that is coupled to the memory, and configured to:receive a multi-sample store instruction that specifies data for asingle sample of a multi-sample pixel and a sample mask; and store thedata for the single sample to each sample of the multi-sample pixel thatis enabled according to the sample mask.
 7. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to perform stepscomprising: receiving a multi-sample store instruction that specifiesdata for a single sample of a multi-sample pixel and a sample mask; andstoring the data for the single sample to each sample of themulti-sample pixel that is enabled according to the sample mask.
 8. Amethod, comprising: receiving a multi-sample load instruction thatspecifies one sample of a multi-sample pixel; in response to executingthe multi-sample load instruction, receiving data for one sample of themulti-sample pixel; and determining that the data for the one sample ofthe multi-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data for at leastone additional sample of the multi-sample pixel.
 9. The method of claim8, wherein the determining comprises receiving encoding state associatedwith the multi-sample pixel data indicating that the data for the onesample of the multi-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data forat least one additional sample of the multi-sample pixel.
 10. The methodof claim 9, wherein the encoding state is read from a memory.
 11. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the encoding state comprises a sample maskindicating which other samples in the multi-sample pixel are representedby the data for the one sample.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein theencoding state is associated with a tile including the multi-samplepixel and one or more additional multi-sample pixels.
 13. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the determining comprises analyzing the multi-samplepixel data to identify that the data for the one sample representsmulti-sample pixel data for all samples of the multi-sample pixel. 14.The method of claim 8, wherein the determining comprises analyzing themulti-sample pixel data to identify that the data for the one samplerepresents multi-sample pixel data for all samples of at least a portionof the multi-sample pixel.
 15. The method of claim 8, wherein thedetermining comprises analyzing the multi-sample pixel data to identifysubsets of samples of the multi-sample pixel, such that data for onesample in a subset represents multi-sample pixel data for all samples inthe subset.
 16. A system comprising: a memory storing multi-sample pixeldata; and an analysis unit that is coupled to the memory and configuredto: receive a multi-sample load instruction that specifies one sample ofa multi-sample pixel; in response to executing the multi-sample loadinstruction, receive data for one sample of the multi-sample pixel; anddetermining that the data for the one sample of the multi-sample pixelrepresents multi-sample pixel data for at least one additional sample ofthe multi-sample pixel.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the analysisunit resides within one or more of a load/store unit, a cache, and aprocessing unit.
 18. The system of claim 16, wherein the determiningcomprises receiving encoding state associated with the multi-samplepixel data indicating that the data for the one sample of themulti-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data for at least oneadditional sample of the multi-sample pixel.
 19. The system of claim 18,wherein the encoding state corresponds to a number of samples of themulti-sample pixel that are stored in a single cache line.
 20. Anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform stepscomprising: receiving a multi-sample load instruction that specifies onesample of a multi-sample pixel; in response to executing themulti-sample load instruction, receiving data for one sample of themulti-sample pixel; and determining that the data for the one sample ofthe multi-sample pixel represents multi-sample pixel data for at leastone additional sample of the multi-sample pixel.